Karen Pierce

Exactly one year ago, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling on Britain to return the Chagos Archipelago, a cluster of islands in the middle of the Indian Ocean, to Mauritius, an island-nation off the southeast coast of Africa. The resolution endorsed an International Court of Justice's advisory opinion that had been requested by a 2017 General Assembly resolution. The 2019 resolution demanded that "the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland withdraw its colonial administration from the Chagos Archipelago unconditionally within a period of no more than six months from the adoption of the present resolution, thereby enabling Mauritius to complete the decolonization of its territory as rapidly as possible." Six months went by — without a withdrawal. As part of the process, UN Secretary-General António Guterres was asked to produce a report on the resolution's implementation before the end of April 2020 — a potential embarrassment to Britain, given its insistence on sovereignty over a territory that includes the archipelago and its sole inhabited island. But as the pandemic has shifted the UN Secretariat's focus to more urgent matters, the report moved down its priorities list. A spokesperson for Guterres said the report has been submitted to the UN Department of General Assembly and Conference Management for "processing" and should be published at any moment on the UN documents website. As of May 21, the report was nowhere to be found. From the outset, the British Foreign Office has said that the case was an "inappropriate" use of the International Court of Justice. It still argues that "the UK has no doubt about our sovereignty over British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), which has been under continuous British sovereignty since 1814," a spokesperson for the British mission to the UN said in an email to PassBlue recently. Under normal circumstances, access to Chagos's one inhabited island, Diego Garcia, is restricted to those holding permits; as the pandemic rages, access has become even tighter. Beyond the issue of sovereignty, Diego Garcia is home to a joint military base usefully situated within range of the Middle East and further, including to Afghanistan. Though it has no permanent residents, around 3,000 people, mostly British and American soldiers, are stationed on Diego Garcia. Meanwhile, thousands of indigenous residents were evicted when the base was installed. They were sent elsewhere to Mauritius as well as to Seychelles and Britain, and to this day they are barred from returning to Diego Garcia. "We are waiting to know what's going to be the decision of the secretary-general," Olivier Bancoult, a leader of the Chagos Refugee Group, told PassBlue, speaking on behalf of 354 Chagossians in Mauritius. " what he has to say about a UN member state, the UK, that should have respect and abide by all rules of the UN, but does not." Bancoult, born on the Chagossian atoll of Peros Banhos and forcibly removed when he was 4, has been involved in several legal actions against Britain. (The atoll is now uninhabited.) Mauritius itself has a long history of European colonization, first by the Dutch and then the French. In 1810 the British moved in, relinquishing control only in 1968. But three years earlier, it had split the Chagos Archipelago off from Mauritius to create the British Indian Ocean Territory, and it maintains to this day that the islands do not belong to Mauritius. Mauritius says it was forced before independence to sell Chagos to Britain. (Britain is a permanent member of the Security Council.) While the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion is nonbinding, many people expected that 45 years after being exiled, native Chagossians would be allowed to return. "When you are fighting on the basis of principles, you don't have to fear anyone," Jagdish Dharamchand Koonjul, Mauritius's ambassador to the UN, told PassBlue from his office in New York City earlier this year. "For us, this is a matter of principle. This is a matter of justice. This is a matter of fairness, this is a matter of legality and respect for international law. "You can tell from the results that we got in both resolutions, even the first one , more so in the second one, that by a large majority the members of the United Nations supported the Mauritian cause." Bancoult concurs. "We can't accept that other people can live and work in Chagos, but we don't have access,” he said. "That's the reason we're still fighting. Filipino, Sri Lanka, British and American can live together on the Island, and people from all over the world can spend up to six months on the beach, and it's our place of birth and we can't." The General Assembly's resolution in May 2019, welcoming The Hague's decision and calling on Britain to leave the islands, passed overwhelmingly, with 116 votes in favor, 6 against (Australia, Britain, Hungary, Israel, Maldives and United States) and 56 abstentions. In October, the UN Committee on Decolonization discussed the subject again, and once more asked Britain to comply. The presence of the military base complicates matters. In 2016, Britain renewed a lease to the US first signed in 1966. During the UN committee meeting in October, Karen Pierce, the British ambassador to the UN at the time, said, "The strategic location of the joint United Kingdom-United States defense facility on the territory makes a significant contribution to security and to combating challenging threats." (Pierce has since become her country's ambassador in Washington.) David Vine, a professor at the American University in Washington and the author of "Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S. Military Base on Diego Garcia," describes it as "one of the most strategically important and secretive US military installations outside the United States." His book recounts how "the little-known base has been instrumental in American military operations from the Cold War to the war on terror and may house a top-secret CIA prison where terror suspects are interrogated and tortured." The US used the base for bombing sorties to Afghanistan soon after the 9/11 attacks in its new war on terror. For the Mauritius ambassador, the base is an issue that can be solved among the three countries: "I think this is something that we would want to ask them to really explain to us," Koonjulsaid. "Why is it that you have to have sovereignty, the US has got so many other bases around the world, in places like Djibouti, the Philippines, Cyprus?" Although the court's ruling is nonbinding, the stance of Britain, a veto holder in the Security Council, signals that powerful countries can ignore international law. In 2017, the country lost its seat in The Hague court, a first since the creation of the UN and a setback that appeared to haunt Britain when the court rendered its opinion two years later. The only judge to vote in favor of Britain in the case was American. For now, Chagossians continue to live in limbo. KEEP DEMOCRACY ALIVE: PLEASE DONATE TO PASSBLUE, A NONPROFIT MEDIA SITE BASED IN NEW YORK CITY

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